Sphyrna

Sphyrna
	Great hammerhead (S. mokarran)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Chondrichthyes
Subclass:	Elasmobranchii
Order:	Carcharhiniformes
Family:	Sphyrnidae
Genus:	Sphyrna; Rafinesque, 1810
Type species
	Squalus zygaena; Linnaeus, 1758
Synonyms
	Cestraciom Walbaum, 1792; Cestracion Klein, 1776; Cestracion T. N. Gill, 1862; Cestracion J. D. Ogilby, 1916; Cestrorhinus Blainville, 1816; Mesozygaena Compagno, 1988; Platysqualus Swainson, 1839; Reniceps T. N. Gill, 1862; Sphyra Van der Hoeven, 1855; Sphyrichthys Thienemann, 1828; Sphyrnias Rafinesque, 1815; Zygaena G. Cuvier, 1816; Zygana Swainson, 1838; Zygoena A. Risso, 1827;

Sphyrna is a genus of hammerhead sharks with a cosmopolitan distribution in the world's oceans. Members of Sphyrna have a tendency to inhabit coastal waters along the intertidal zone rather than the open ocean, as their prey such as invertebrates, fish, rays, small crustaceans, and other benthic organisms hide in the sands and sediment along these zones. Members of Sphyrna are also known by synonyms such as Zygaena, Cestracion, and Sphyrichthys. The earliest species described of this genus was Sphyrna zygaena by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, while the latest described member, Sphyrna alleni, was described in 2024.

The genus name comes from the Greek word σφῦρα sphyra "hammer", it is also where the family name Sphyrnidae comes from.^[1]

Species

The recognized species in this genus are:^[2]^[3]

Extant

Sphyrna alleni Gonzalez, Postaire, Driggers, Caballero, & Chapman, 2024 (shovelbill shark)^[4]
Sphyrna corona (S. Springer, 1940) (scalloped bonnethead)
Sphyrna gilberti Quattro, Driggers, Grady, Ulrich & M. A. Roberts, 2013 (Carolina hammerhead)^[3]
Sphyrna lewini (E. Griffith & C. H. Smith, 1834) (scalloped hammerhead)
Sphyrna media (S. Springer, 1940) (scoophead)
Sphyrna mokarran (Rüppell, 1837) (great hammerhead)
Sphyrna tiburo (Linnaeus, 1758) (bonnethead)
Sphyrna tudes (Valenciennes, 1822) (smalleye hammerhead)
Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus, 1758) (smooth hammerhead)

Extinct

† Sphyrna arambourgi (Cappetta, 1970)
† Sphyrna gibbesii (Hay, 1902)
† Sphyrna integra (Probst, 1878)
† Sphyrna laevissima (Cope, 1867)
† Sphyrna magna (Cope, 1867)

References

^ Scharpf, Christopher (12 December 2022). "Family SPHYRNIDAE" (PDF). The ETYFish Project. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Sphyrna". FishBase. June 2013 version.
^ ^a ^b Quattro, J.M., Driggers, W.B. III, Grady, J.M., Ulrich, G.F. & Roberts, M.A. (2013): Sphyrna gilberti sp. nov., a new hammerhead shark (Carcharhiniformes, Sphyrnidae) from the western Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa, 3702 (2): 159–178.
^ Gonzalez, C., Postaire, B., Driggers, W., Caballero, S. & Chapman, D. (2024): Sphyrna alleni sp. nov., a new hammerhead shark (Carcharhiniformes, Sphyrnidae) from the Caribbean and the Southwest Atlantic. Zootaxa, 5512 (4): 491–511.

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[ETYFish-1] Scharpf, Christopher (12 December 2022). "Family SPHYRNIDAE" (PDF). The ETYFish Project. Retrieved 20 September 2023.

[FishBase-2] Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Sphyrna". FishBase. June 2013 version.

[Quattro2013-3] Quattro, J.M., Driggers, W.B. III, Grady, J.M., Ulrich, G.F. & Roberts, M.A. (2013): Sphyrna gilberti sp. nov., a new hammerhead shark (Carcharhiniformes, Sphyrnidae) from the western Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa, 3702 (2): 159–178.

[Gonzalez2024-4] Gonzalez, C., Postaire, B., Driggers, W., Caballero, S. & Chapman, D. (2024): Sphyrna alleni sp. nov., a new hammerhead shark (Carcharhiniformes, Sphyrnidae) from the Caribbean and the Southwest Atlantic. Zootaxa, 5512 (4): 491–511.

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