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Saint Joan (play)

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For the film adaptations of the play, see Saint Joan (disambiguation).

Saint Joan
Constable & Co., Ltd. cover, 1924
Written byGeorge Bernard Shaw
Date premiered28 December 1923
Place premieredGarrick Theatre
Manhattan, New York City
Original languageEnglish
GenreDrama
Setting15th century France

Saint Joan is a play by George Bernard Shaw about 15th-century French military figure Joan of Arc. Premiering in 1923, three years after her canonization by the Roman Catholic Church, the play reflects Shaw's belief that the people involved in Joan's trial acted according to what they thought was right.

He wrote in his preface to the play:

There are no villains in the piece. Crime, like disease, is not interesting: it is something to be done away with by general consent, and that is all [there is] about it. It is what men do at their best, with good intentions, and what normal men and women find that they must and will do in spite of their intentions, that really concern us.

Michael Holroyd has characterised the play as "a tragedy without villains" and also as Shaw's "only tragedy".[1] John Fielden has discussed further the appropriateness of characterising Saint Joan as a tragedy.[2]

The text of the published play includes a long Preface by Shaw.

Characters and premiere cast

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Fanny Salvini-Donatelli, the first Violetta
Roles, voice types, premiere cast
Character Premiere cast, 28 December 1923, Broadway's Garrick Theatre[3]
Joan of Arc Winifred Lenihan
Robert de Baudricourt Ernest Cossart
Steward to de Baudricourt William M. Griffith
Bertrand de Poulengy Frank Tweed
Duke la Trémouille, Grand Chamberlain of France Herbert Ashton
Duchesse de la Trémouille Elizabeth Pearre
Archbishop of Rheims Albert Bruning
Gilles de Rais ("Bluebeard") Walton Butterfield
Captain La Hire Morris Carnovsky
Bishop of Beauvais Ian Maclaren
Dauphin, Charles VII Philip Leigh
Earl of Warwick A.H. Van Buren
Dunois, Bastard of Orléans Maurice Colbourne
Brother John Lemaître, The Inquisitor Joseph Macaulay
Brother Martin Ladvenu Morris Carnovsky
Canon John D'Estivet Albert Perry
John de Stogumber, English chaplain Henry Travers
Thomas de Courcelles, Canon of Paris Walton Butterfield
Page to Dunois James Norris
Page to Warwick Seth Baldwin
Court Page Jo Mielziner
Executioner Herbert Ashton
English Soldier Frank Tweed
Gentleman Ernest Cossart

Plot

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Shaw characterised Saint Joan as "A Chronicle Play in 6 Scenes and an Epilogue ". Joan, a simple peasant girl, claims to experience visions of Saint Margaret, Saint Catherine, and the archangel Michael, which she says were sent by God to guide her conduct.

Scene 1 (23 February 1429): Robert de Baudricourt complains about the inability of the hens on his farm to produce eggs. Joan claims that her voices are telling her to lift the siege of Orléans, and to allow her several of his men for this purpose. Joan also says that she will crown the Dauphin in Reims Cathedral. Baudricourt ridicules Joan, but his Steward feels inspired by her words. Baudricourt eventually begins to feel the same sense of inspiration, and gives his consent to Joan. The Steward enters at the end of the scene to exclaim that the hens have begun to lay eggs again. Baudricourt interprets this as a sign from God of Joan's divine inspiration.

Scene 2 (8 March 1429): Joan talks her way into being received at the court of the weak and vain Dauphin. There, she tells him that her voices have commanded her to help him become a true king by rallying his troops to drive out the English occupiers and restore France to greatness. Joan succeeds in doing this through her excellent powers of flattery, negotiation, leadership, and skill on the battlefield.

Scene 3 (29 April 1429): Dunois and his page are waiting for the wind to turn so that he and his forces can lay siege to Orléans. Joan and Dunois commiserate, and Dunois attempts to explain to her more pragmatic realities of an attack, without the wind at their back. Her replies eventually inspire Dunois to rally the forces, and at the scene's end, the wind turns in their favour.

Scene 4 (June 1429): Warwick and Stogumber discuss Joan's stunning series of victories. Joined by the Bishop of Beauvais, they are at a loss to explain her success. Stogumber decides Joan is a witch. Beauvais sees Joan as a threat to the Church, as she claims to receive instructions from God directly. He fears she wants to instill national pride in the people, which would undermine the Church's universal rule. Warwick thinks she wants to create a system in which the king is responsible to God only, ultimately stripping him and other feudal lords of their power. All agree that she must die.

Scene 5 (17 July 1429): the Dauphin is crowned Charles VII at Reims Cathedral. A perplexed Joan asks Dunois why she is so unpopular at court. He explains that she has exposed very important people as incompetent and irrelevant. She talks to Dunois, Bluebeard, and La Hire about returning home. Charles, who complains about the weight of his coronation robes and smell of the holy oil, is pleased to hear this. She then says to Dunois "Before I go home, let's take Paris", an idea which horrifies Charles, who wants to negotiate a peace immediately. The Archbishop berates her for her "sin of pride". Dunois warns her that if she is captured on a campaign he deems foolhardy, no one will ransom or rescue her. Now realizing that she is "alone on earth", Joan declares that she will gain the strength to do what she must from the people and from God. She leaves, leaving the men dumbfounded.

Scene 6 (30 May 1431): deals with her trial. Stogumber is adamant that she be executed at once. The Inquisitor, the Bishop of Beauvais, and the Church officials on both sides of the trial have a long discussion on the nature of her heresy. Joan is brought to the court, and continues to assert that her voices speak to her directly from God and that she has no need of the Church's officials. This outrages Stogumber. She acquiesces to the pressure of torture at the hands of her oppressors, and agrees to sign a confession relinquishing the truth behind her voices. When she learns she will be imprisoned for life without hope of parole, she renounces her confession:

Joan: "You think that life is nothing but not being dead? It is not the bread and water I fear. I can live on bread. It is no hardship to drink water if the water be clean. But to shut me from the light of the sky and the sight of the fields and flowers; to chain my feet so that I can never again climb the hills. To make me breathe foul damp darkness, without these things I cannot live. And by your wanting to take them away from me, or from any human creature, I know that your council is of the devil."

Joan accepts death at the stake as preferable to such an imprisoned existence. Stogumber vehemently demands that Joan then be taken to the stake for immediate execution. The Inquisitor and the Bishop of Beauvais excommunicate her and deliver her into the hands of the English. The Inquisitor asserts that Joan was fundamentally innocent, in the sense that she was sincere and had no understanding of the church and the law. Stogumber re-enters, screaming and severely shaken emotionally after seeing Joan die in the flames, the first time that he has witnessed such a death, and realising that he has not understood what it means to burn a person until he has actually seen it happen. A soldier had given Joan two sticks tied together in a cross before the moment of her death. Bishop Martin Ladvenu also reports that when he approached with a crucifix to let her see it before she died, and he approached too close to the flames, she warned him of the danger from the stake, which convinced him that she could not have been under the inspiration of the devil.

Epilogue: 25 years after Joan's execution, a retrial has cleared her of heresy. Brother Martin brings the news to Charles VII. Charles then has a dream in which Joan appears to him. She begins conversing cheerfully not only with Charles, but with her old enemies, who also materialise in the King's bedroom. The visitors include the English soldier who gave her a cross. Because of this act, he receives a day off from Hell on the anniversary of Joan’s death. An emissary from the present day (the 1920s) brings news that the Catholic Church is to canonise her. Joan says that saints can work miracles, and asks if she can be resurrected. At this, all the characters desert her one by one, asserting that the world is not prepared to receive a saint such as her. The last to leave is the English soldier, who is about to engage in a conversation with Joan before he is summoned back to Hell at the end of his 24-hour respite. The play ends with Joan ultimately despairing that mankind will never accept its saints:

O God that madest this beautiful earth, when will it be ready to accept thy saints? How long, O Lord, how long?

Criticism

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Jeanne d'Arc statue at Place des Pyramides, Paris by Emmanuel Frémiet, 1874

One historian at the time (1925) reacted to the play by arguing that it was highly inaccurate, especially in its depiction of medieval society.[4]

Shaw states that the characterization of Joan by most writers is "romanticized" to make her accusers come off as completely unscrupulous and villainous.[5]

More general interpretation of Joan's character is to describe her as a rebel against general institutional authority, such as that of the Catholic Church and to the feudal system.[6] Contemporary comments have noted her particularly strong form of religious belief and how it borders on religious fanaticism.[7]

Tony Stafford discussed Shaw's use of bird imagery in the play.[8] Frederick Boas has compared the different treatments of Joan in dramas by Shakespeare, Schiller, and Shaw.[9]

T. S. Eliot, discussing the play after its premiere in London in 1924, wrote that although Saint Joan was not the masterpiece that some claimed it to be, the play "seems to illustrate Mr. Shaw's mind more clearly than anything he has written before." And although he credited Shaw with providing an "intellectual stimulant" and "dramatic delight", he took issue with his portrayal of the heroine: "his Joan of Arc is perhaps the greatest sacrilege of all Joans: for instead of the saint or the strumpet of the legends to which he objects, he has turned her into a great middle-class reformer, and her place is a little higher than Mrs. Pankhurst" (the militant leader of the British suffragettes).[10]

Productions

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Shaw's personal reputation following the Great War was at a low ebb, and it is thought that he wanted to first test the play away from Britain. The play received its premiere on 28 December 1923 at the Garrick Theatre on Broadway by the Theatre Guild with Winifred Lenihan in the title role.[11] The London première, which opened on 26 March 1924 at the New Theatre, was produced by Lewis Casson and starred Shaw's friend Sybil Thorndike, the actress for whom he had written the part.[12] Costumes and sets were designed by Charles Ricketts, and the play had an extensive musical score, specially composed and conducted by John Foulds.

Caught between the forces of the Church and the Law, Joan is the personification of the tragic heroine and the part is considered by actresses (see below) to be one of the most challenging of roles to interpret. It is usually played by very experienced actresses who are much older than the age of the character, a teenager. For a film version, Joan was played by Jean Seberg, who was 19. The film and Seberg received strongly negative reviews. Seberg herself said she was “burned at the stake by the critics.”

Notable St. Joans

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Other notable Joans include Judi Dench, Zoe Caldwell, Elisabeth Bergner, Constance Cummings, Ann Casson, Roberta Maxwell, Barbara Jefford, Pat Galloway, Sarah Miles, Ellen Geer, Jane Alexander, Lee Grant, Janet Suzman, Maryann Plunkett,[17] Eileen Atkins, Kitty Winn and Sarah Snook.

Adaptations

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Films

Main articles: Saint Joan (1957 film) and Saint Joan (1967 film)

Television

Stage

  • Lanford Wilson's 2000 play Book of Days is a modern-day re-imagining of Saint Joan.

Sound recordings

Opera
The play has also been adapted into an opera by composer Tom Owen.[18]

Awards and honors

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Awards
Nominations

See also

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References

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Notes
  1. ^ Holroyd, Michael (14 July 2007). "A tragedy without villains". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 January 2009.
  2. ^ Fielden, John (July 1957). "Shaw's Saint Joan as Tragedy". Twentieth-Century Literature. 3 (2). Hofstra University: 59–67. doi:10.2307/441003. JSTOR 441003.
  3. ^ John Corbin (29 December 1923). "The Play". The New York Times. p. 8.
  4. ^ Robertson, J. M. (1926). Mr. Shaw and "The Maid". London: Cobdon-Sanderson. p. 85.
  5. ^ Preface to the play
  6. ^ Billington, Michael (12 July 2007). "Saint Joan: Olivier Theatre, London". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 January 2009.
  7. ^ Gardner, Lyn (3 July 2007). "The shock of the old". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 January 2009.
  8. ^ Stafford, Tony J. (1986). "From Hens' Eggs to Cinders: Avian Imagery in Shaw's Saint Joan". Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature. 40 (4). Rocky Mountain Modern Language Association: 213–220. doi:10.2307/1566575. JSTOR 1566575.
  9. ^ Boas, Frederick S. (January 1951). "Joan of Arc in Shakespeare, Schiller, and Shaw". Shakespeare Quarterly. 2 (1). Folger Shakespeare Library: 35–45. doi:10.2307/2866725. JSTOR 2866725.
  10. ^ Eliot, T. S. (October 1924). "A Commentary". The Criterion. 3: 1–5.
  11. ^ Harben, Niloufer (1988). Twentieth-century English history plays: from Shaw to Bond. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 31. ISBN 0-389-20734-9.
  12. ^ Guttenberg, Percy (c. 1924). "Portrait of Sybil Thorndike as St. Joan in George Bernard Shaw's St. Joan" (picture). Digital Collections – Pictures. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
  13. ^ Gray, Tom. "St. Joan May Be Theater's Best Effort". The Atlanta Constitution. October 13, 1965. Retrieved 2018-07-16.
  14. ^ Clapp, Susannah (15 July 2007). "Joan burns bright in a match made in heaven". The Observer. Retrieved 18 January 2009.
  15. ^ "Saint Joan – Donmar Warehouse". www.donmarwarehouse.com. Retrieved 11 September 2016.
  16. ^ "Condola Rashad to Star in Saint Joan on Broadway". www.playbill.com. 12 September 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  17. ^ Gussow, Mel (February 1993). "Review/Theater; Getting to Know a Joan Who is Saintly, Shavian and Just a Bit Unlikable". The New York Times.
  18. ^ "Spring Opera Productions". The University of Sheffield. Archived from the original on 23 December 2008.
Sources
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