Knightia
| Knightia Temporal range:
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|---|---|
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| Knightia eocaena specimen | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Clupeiformes |
| Family: | Clupeidae |
| Subfamily: | Pellonulinae |
| Genus: | †Knightia Jordan 1907 |
| Type species | |
| Knightia eocaena Jordan, 1907
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| Species | |
| Synonyms | |
Knightia is an extinct genus of clupeid bony fish that lived in the freshwater lakes and rivers of North America and Asia during the Eocene epoch. The genus was erected by David Starr Jordan in 1907, in honor of the late University of Wyoming professor Wilbur Clinton Knight, "an indefatigable student of the paleontology of the Rocky Mountains."[1] It is the official state fossil of Wyoming,[2] and the most commonly excavated fossil fish in the world.[3]
Taxonomy
[edit]Knightia belongs to the same taxonomic family as herring and sardines, and resembled the former closely enough that both Knightia alta and Knightia eocaena were originally described as species of true herring in the genus Clupea.
As with modern-day clupeids, Knightia spp. likely fed on algae and diatoms, as well as insects and occasionally smaller fish.[4] In a 2022 paper, researchers announced they had detected biological residues in Knightia fossils from the Green River Formation.[5]
The genus is also known from two separate species described from China dating to the Eocene and Late Cretaceous respectively. The Eocene species Knightia bohaiensis was described in 1985 from the Bohai Bay Basin region,[6] while "Knightia" yuyanga was first identified as Eocene when described from the Itu region in 1963.[7] The age of "K." yuyanga has been revised with the placement of the species' type locality in the Late Cretaceous Paomagang Formation.[8] Additionally the species placement in Knightia has been questioned, and the species is now treated as "Clupeid incertae sedis".[9]
The Cretaceous genus Ellimma from Brazil was formerly synonymized into Knightia as Knightia branneri by Schaeffer (1947). This placement was rejected by Grande (1982) and subsequent authors, and the species moved back to Ellimma branneri.[10]
Anatomy
[edit]In Knightia fish, rows of dorsal and ventral scutes run from the back of the head to the medial fins. They had heavy scales and small conical teeth. Their size varied by species: Knightia eocaena was the longest, growing up to 25 cm (10 in), though most specimens are no larger than 15 cm.[11] K. alta was shorter and relatively wider, with specimens averaging between 6 and 10 cm.[11]
Predators
[edit]A small schooling fish, Knightia made an abundant food source for larger Eocene predators. The Green River Formation has yielded many fossils of larger fish species preying on Knightia; specimens of Diplomystus, Lepisosteus, Amphiplaga, Mioplosus, Phareodus, Amia, and Astephus have all been found with Knightia in either their jaws or stomachs.[4]
Gallery
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ Jordan, D. S. 1907. "The fossil fishes of California; with supplementary notes on other species of extinct fishes". Bulletin Department of Geology, University of California 5:136
- ^ "Wyoming Secretary of State". Archived from the original on 2011-09-06. Retrieved 2011-01-22.
- ^ Kelley, Patricia H.; Kowalewski, Michał; Hansen, Thor A. (2003). Predator-prey interactions in the fossil record. Springer. ISBN 0-306-47489-1.
- ^ a b Grande, L. 1980. The paleontology of the Green River Formation, with a review of the fish fauna. Wyoming Geol. Surv., Bull. 63, pp. 85.
- ^ Misra, Anupam K.; Rowley, Sonia J.; Zhou, Jie; Acosta-Maeda, Tayro E.; Dasilveira, Luis; Ravizza, Gregory; Ohtaki, Kenta; Weatherby, Tina M.; Trimble, A. Zachary; Boll, Patrick; Porter, John N.; McKay, Christopher P. (2022-06-17). "Biofinder detects biological remains in Green River fish fossils from Eocene epoch at video speed". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 10164. Bibcode:2022NatSR..1210164M. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-14410-8. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 9205911. PMID 35715549.
- ^ Zhang, M.M.; Zhou, J.J.; Qin, D.R. (1985). "Tertiary fish fauna from coastal region of Bohai Sea". Academia Sinica Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Memoirs. 17: 1–60.
- ^ Liu, H. (1963). "The discovery of double-armoured herrings from Itu, Hupei". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 7 (1): 31–37.
- ^ Wang, P.; Zheng, H.; Liu, S.; Hoke, G. (2018). "Late Cretaceous drainage reorganization of the middle Yangtze River". Lithosphere. 10 (3): 392–405. Bibcode:2018Lsphe..10..392W. doi:10.1130/L695.1.
- ^ Lavoue, S.; Miya, M.; Musikasinthorn, P.; Chen, W.J.; Nishida, M. (2013). "Mitogenomic evidence for an Indo-west Pacific origin of the Clupeoidei (Teleostei: Clupeiformes)". PLOS ONE. 8 (2): e56485. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...856485L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056485. PMC 3576394. PMID 23431379.
- ^ Chang, M.; Maisey, J. (2003). "Redescription of †Ellimma branneri and †Diplomystus shengliensis, and Relationships of Some Basal Clupeomorphs". American Museum Novitates (3404): 1–35. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2003)404<0001:ROEBAD>2.0.CO;2. hdl:2246/2830.
- ^ a b Grande, Lance (June 7, 1982). "A Revision of the Fossil Genus †Knightia, With a Description of a New Genus From the Green River Formation (Teleostei, Clupeidae)" (PDF). American Museum Novitates. ISSN 0003-0082. OCLC 47720325. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 20, 2013. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
